Ukuhlanganiswa Kwesilinga: Iindlela Zokwenza Umthwalo Opholileyo Wezilishwa

Ukuziqonda Kwezinqamleli Zesilinganiso Nokukhazimba Kwemashini

Izinqamleli Ezibaluleke kakhulu Nenkinga Yomshinelwa Wephepha

Xa kushicelwa ngendlela umshinelwa wemphepha usebenza ngayo, kukhona izinxiba ezine ezenza ukuthi kube yinyani: isihlalo sangendlu, igumbi, ikhambi, nasekuqaleni. Funa igumbi njengendosha yesandla esinikezela ubunzima obudingile okudingekayo ekwenzeni imisebenzi emihle yokugaya. Esekelweni lesi gumbi kukhona isihlalo sangendlu, esinaphethini nesimoto ethinta impahla ethintekayo ngamathuba amahlanu ngokulingana nokuthi kufuneka kwenzeke. Kanti-ke kukhona ikhambi, elingcenywe ngendawo yomthwalo ukuze singaphefumula phambi nasemuva kuququzelela igumbi ukuze kutholakale indawo efanele yezixhobo zokugaya. Kanti-ke ungavumele isihlalo sangokuqala! Lo msebenzi usidingeka uma kusebenzisa izimpawu ezinde noma uma umuntu ufuna ukwenza imisebenzi yokudubula.

Umsebenzi Nokuxhasana Kwisihlalo Sangendlu, Igumbi, Ikhambi, Nasekuqaleni

Ispindili yesihlangothini sibophelela ngqo kuzo zicukatha noma izikholethi ezivutha umsebenzi. Xa isipindili siphinde phansi, sithinta amabhaisi aphinde phambili kanye emuva kulayini eseqiniseni sesandla. Lokhu kuvumela ukulima okuphelele okuchanekile. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzi bangakwamukela isikhundla sesihlangothi ngokulinganisa kusizo sokuthi kudingeka kwenzeke. Kungenzeka bathathe ukugcwalisa iphethini, kungenzeka bahlawule njalo, noma bakhusele izinto ezinde nezincazelo eziphelele ngexesha lokusebenza. Zonke le zinto ephinde phambi kwaye zisebenza ngokubanzi zihlengele ukuba zibuyele ekunikelweni kwezinto zomsebenzi.

Ukuthintana Kwesandla Kuthinta Kanjani Ukuqinisekiswa Kwemoto Egcinezayo

Ukukhazimula kwe-lathe kunezimpact ethile ekwakhiweni kwizivivinyo. Uma umgodi wemashini ungapholile, akuphazamiseki ngokuqinilexa uma kususwa, okusho ukuthi kukhona okuncane kokugijima kwisithombe futhi kungena izivivinyo ezincane ezenziwa. Okunye ukulondoloza kwalibuka amandla athile ezigaba ezahlukene e-lathe futhi wabona into ethile eyathakathaka ngamathina ahlelekileyo. Le mithombo yasebenzisa i-bed enkulu yakhetha isimo esihle kakhulu, yasusa izici ezingalungileyo zehade nge-34% kunazo ezijwayelekileyo. Kukhona nokuba kubaluleke ukulungiselela konke ngendlela efanele. I-tailstock kumele ibe yidlule ngendlela efanele ngokuhambisana nale spindle isuswa ngayo. Lokhu kulungiselela kuyinto eyodwa ekhathaza uma kusebenziswa izivivinyo ezidinga ukulinganisa ngcono, ikakhulukazi ezadala kumthombo wezehlwele apho konke okuncane okungahambangeli kungaba yinkinga.

Imithetho Yenkululeko Yemisebenzi Yezimali Ezenziwa Ngale Lathe

Imithetho Emincane Yenkululeko Emsebenzini WeLathe

Ngaphambi kokuqala kolawulo konyawo, qiniseka ukuthi konke kusethwe ngempela futhi igciwini evela kuyo kubekelwe ngempela. Zama ngezindikirwa ezintathu zokunqamula kumonakalo ukuze ubalase, futhi uvikeleke kakhulu kuzinto onke okuyayiswa ngexesha likhululayo. Amathuluzi asebenzisa amathuluzi ase OSHA athi abasebenzi kufanele baphumele izangoma nezikhathi, baphele umlonyo uma ungakanani, baphathe amapaliso afana nezibhamu engavaleki njalo ayobhekene nazo izinxenye ezayiswa. Cabanga le nto futhi: kuqala kwizindleko ezingu-11 ezingu-100 eziphathelene negcinelela yezimboni ziquka i-lathes, ngokwesayensi ye-NIOSH ekupheleni kweminyaka engu-2023. Hlenga indawo ingcane yomonakalo ngaphandle kwezinkuni ezibanzi zemetali noma izindiza zokulahla okwenza konke kuhlebeka. Indlu enegcobo akuyona kuphela into eqhubekayo, kodwa ibandla isikhathi sokuzithola.

Iziphumathi zeKhiye Nokugcina Amagugu

Kumele kube nezimpilo ezithile zokuphepha ngokuphefumayo abasebenzi bazisebenzisela izixhobo. Kula kufaka imithi yethulwane eqinisekisiwe ngu-ANSI enobuchwepheshe obalulekile, ukuphepha kwesono lapho kunezinyukwana ephinde-phinde kangakanani kakhulu kuzingu-85, nezimpondo ezifakiwe ngempela enezindiza zokugcina phansi. Ngokubanzi kumele kube nezibhamu ze-polycarbonate eziphumelela okuxhomekeke ku-ANSI B11.6-2021. Lezi zibhamu kumele zilahle kuthi isipini sele usalele. Izilathe ezintsha zanamathiselwe ngezixhobo zokuhlanjelana manje. Lezi zixhobo zenzela ukuthi izixhobo azizange ziqalise lapho izihlangothi zezibhamu zilahle, lokhu kuyakwenzeka njengoko akunanto wonke umuntu akuthole amandla ngokungabikho kwebhambi.

Izindleko Ezijwayelekile Nendlela Yokuzivikela Ngexesha Lokutsala

Ngokwesiqephu sika-OSHA ngothisha lwelisha, kumele umgubhu wesithathu sozinyalo zonke ezihlukene nezibophephayo zisenzeka uma izinto eziphindezelayo ziphakamise. Ukuze uvimele lezi zinkinga, qiniseka ukuthi amabhala ayimbilini ngempela futhi uqinisekise ukuthi isitokhi sangaphansi siqhakazile ngempela ngaphambi kokuba uqale nawe nokugaya. Abasebenzisa nezikhathazo ezinde, kungumsebenzi omuhle ukubekela izindawo zokulala esizatshini ngalolunye ubude obungu-4 engxenyeni yediametha yesikhathazo esisebenzisana nalo. Lokhu kusiza ekugcineni into ihlanzekile futhi kuvimela ukuxhashana okungafuneki ngexesha lokusebenza. Futhi khumbula ukususa lezi zikhi chuk ngemuva kokuba ushiywe! Ukuzilondoloza kuyenza ukuthi kumele umgubhu wesishiyagalombili wokunjwa okuphakathi kwemfanelo yokwakha emhlabeni wonke.

Ukubamba Kwezixhumanisi, Izixhumanisi, Nokusimiswa Okulungileyo Kwizixhumanisi

Ukusimiswa kwesixhumanisi nesixhumanisi sokugaya ngempela

Ukumisela i-workpiece kanye nezixhobo ngendlela echanekileyo kuyiyo nto ebalulekile kakhulu yonke into ekhethekayo yokwenza i-lathe. Amaxesha anjalo amaxesha ayifuna ukuba i-workpiece ibe yinxalenye engu-0.001 inches yesahluko se-spindle, emva koko iyikotshelwe ngokuchaphazela okufuneka kuphela ukuze ingavaleki izikhundla zokugquba. Umyalo olula luthinta ubuncinci bazo zonke iingxaki ezivuthiweyo ezibangela ukungahambelani kwemigaqo ngama-30-35% njengoko kuveliswe nguMakera ngojiye. Xa kufika kuzo izixhobo zokukhupha, ukulayisha ngaphambi kokusebenza kusinceda ekukhundleni kwazo ukuba azizange zihlazulwe ngexesha lokukhupha kakhulu. Kwaye xa kufika kuzo izixhobo, kwakukho ulwazi oluthandabuzekileyo olutsha lwase-CNC olubonisa indlela eyinkulu apho ukukhetha i-toolholders ezichanekileyo ibonakala kakhulu kakhulu kwi-bhedlelo yesenzo. Abanye abaseshabhalo babeka ukuthuthuka nge-40% emva kokushiya i-holders ezilandelanayo.

Iindlela zokuchukatha: iziqhamo ze-3-jaw vs. iziqhamo ze-4-jaw kanye neendlela zamacollet

Izinqawu zezintathu zinikeza ukumelana ngok быстрый kumzimba wezimbhalo ezimbili, futhi izinhlobo ezinezingqemu zivumela ukuhlelwa okucacile kumzimba ongezilinganiso. Izinhlobo zamacollet zihlakanipha emisebenzini yisivinini esiphakeme, zibambelela ukumelana ngezansi kwe-0.0005" kumadhiyametha angaphansi kwe-2".

Ukukhetha umongo wesixhenxezelo esingcono (HSS, carbide, ceramics)

Injini yokubhaka (HSS) inikeza ubunzima bekuqhubeka kumahluko, i-carbide ihlawula amakhemikhali akhethekile ngaphezu kwe-45 HRC, futhi izici ze-ceramic zilinda amathambo angaphezu kwe-1,200°F ekusebenzeni phakade.

Uhlelo lwesixhenxezelo kanye nokuthinta kwalo ekwenzeni izimpande kanye nokugcina kweyafaca

Lungiselela izinkinga zokuphambela phakathi kwe-6°-12° ukuze kube lula ukulahlala kumahluko kwezinzo, futhi izinkinga eziphuthanayo (4°-6°) zayize impikiswano yomphambela kumahluko we-titanium. Ukukhetha okulungile kwe-nose radius (0.015"-0.030") kususa inkulu yesurfase ngama-28% emahlukanweni ekugcineni.

Imisebenzi engcono kanye nezibalaseleyo yeLathe kumsebenzi ocacile

Imisebenzi engcono yeLathe: Ukumelana, Ukubhaka, Ukudweba, kanye NeBoring

Ukusebenza kwendiza kusuka ezintathini zokusebenzisa iindlela eziyisiseko ezifunekayo yonke imoto. Ukunciphisa kwenza izihlangothi ezimangalisayo emva kwezinto, ngelixa ukuthatha kunciphisa ubungakanani. Ukugcwalisa kunenza amabhole amadodwa ngasentla, futhi ukubhola kufakelwa uma kudingeka kakhulu amabhola esengaphakathi. Ukuqiniseka kwizinhlelo eziyisiseko kuthinta indlela amathuluzi ahlelwe ngokulinganayo ngezandla, futhi ukwazi ukuthi ziphi izandla zokuthinta ezilandelayo kumahluko amahluko. Emazinyaweni aphathekayo, abasebenzi abaqondene ngcono bafinyelela izilinganiso ezincane kunesikhombisa 0.001 ngokuphepha ngokukhathalela ukudonsa okudonsayo nokugcina izivivino zezivivino ngokuhambisana ngempela ngalolu xesha. Le minyaka yokucophelela ayiyona umoya kuphela, kodwa kudinga ukuze kube nemvelaphi nezinqumo zokuthi le mizwa yonke ihlangana kanjani ngduring ukusebenza.

Indlela Yehlukanisa Ngokuphambene Ngokwemithetho Ukufinyelela Kuhlengahlengiso

Ukucopheleka kusukela ekubeni kuhlinzekelwe ubungakanani bomfanekiso ngokusebenzisa izikhombisi zemigqa, emuva koko ukuseta izixhobo zokukhupha ezintathini ezipheleleyo. Abasebenzisi bakhupha ngokuphindwe, bahlaziyela imiphumela ngamagijini emitholakalo ngasinye. Izinhlelo zokubhala ngadigiti zivumela ukuhlengahlengiswa ngalilanga, zihlanza impazamo yabantu nge-62% kungethulwa (International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, 2023).

Izindlela Ezidebeke: Ukugaya Kwesilinganiso, Ukudweba, nokuthinta Okuncanywayo

Imisebenzi engcono ihlukanisa amandla ethurini - ukugaya kwesilinganiso kwenza iingcinga ezimbhalo ngokusebenzisa iindawo ezihlangene okanye uphrogrhami ye-CNC, ngelishwa ukudweba kusebenzisa izixhobo zomfanekiso wezobuchwepheshe. Ukuthinta okuncanywayo kudinga izingu ezihlelekileyo zegere nezinyathelo eziphambili, nokuthinta okupheleleyo kudinga izivuno zezivuno ezincinane ngesilinganiso se-SFM 80 kumetali engenamagama.

Ukusebenzisa Isteady Rests neFollower Rests Yimisebenzi Emide

Izinqamlezo zokulindileka zilungiselela izibhidhi ezingaphezu kwehluko le-6:1 yobude kwebhodhi ngexesha lokwenza imfazwe phakathi, ngelixa i-follower rests zilondoloza uqhagamshelo emva kwizixhobo zokugcina. Ukuqwalasela okuchanekileyo kumkqala ukuthintana okungaphili, okubaluleke kakhulu xa kusebenziwa nezinto ezithile njenge-titanium ebonisa amafreqensi aphezulu.

Ukunciphisa Ukuphambuka nokulandelela Ukumangalisayo Kwiindlela Ezimbi

Ukunciphisa indawo eya phandle yesixhobo ngama-50% kunciphisa amaphutha ahlanjwayo ngama-34% (i-Precision Engineering Society, 2023). Abasebenzi baphatha izindlela ezincinci zokugcina nge-RPM ezigcweleyo, ikakhulu xa bekwa kwenza izinto ezinemigqa embalwa engeyikreli 0.5mm. Iinkqubo zezixhobo ezisebenzayo zibanze ubunxibelelaniso ngokucima ukuguquka kwisampuli phakathi kweemisebenzi.

Ukunciphisa Iziparamitha Zokugcina nokahlelwa Kwicala

Ukukhetha Isantya SeSpindle Ngokwesimo NeBhodhi

Ukuthola isipindi esifanele sokusinda kusho ukuthola indawo efanele phakathi kwezinto eqondene nezidinga zomfanekiso. Isteeli ngokuvamile inakeka kahle ngaphezu kuka-100 kuya ku-400 RPM, ngelishwa izihlaka ze-aluminum zingathanda amasipindi aphezulu kunale, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-600 kuya ku-1200 RPM ngokweside. Kuneqiniso ifomula encinci abantu bathatha: ibhala ngaphandle isipindi sokusika ku-4 kwalapho ihlukanisa ngesilinganiso ngainchi. Izisindo zokusika zenyalo ziyahlukahluka futhi, ziqala ngama-100 amafuti okuhlanjiswa ngeminithi kwi-steel eziningi ezenziwe kuya ku-600 SFM kumalayini amancane. Ubuciko obusha obhaliwe ngoPitsholo last year ubonisa ukuthi uma abasebenzi bezimiso lokusika bakhetha okufanele, bakhona ukuthi kube yizilinganiso ezilindile kuma-18% kuya ku-32% yokuhlukahluka kwesixhobo emsebenzini wokusika.

Ukulungiselela Isipindi, Ukudla, Nephondo Yokusika Ngokwempahla Kunoma Ukuphila Kwesixhobo

Itriad yesimo sokusika isivikela uhulumeni:

• Isivinini kubangela ngqo ukuthuthwa kwesibuko (ngaphezu kuka-350°F kuyakhathaza ukulahlekelwa kwebhola lekarbide)
• Isilinganiso sokudla iyalawula ubukhulu bomqala (0.004-0.012" ngonyuka ngokugcina izikhuthazo)
• Ubude Bezikhuthazo kumele kube yinkimbinkimbi engaphezulu kwe-30% yesilinganiso sesiphumo sezihlalo ukuze kuphumelele konke

Ukuzinikela Ngokwemitholampilo: Isitshangalatshe, Iyaluminiyamu, Ibhulashi, nezinye izigaba ezinhlelekile

Amaloyi amahle kudinga ukulahlwa okubanzi kumngcindezo wokugaya <0.0004" ukuze kugcinwe ubunzima bempilo ngaphandle kokwenza impilo yemipu (Ingxoxo Yokususela Ngokucacile).

Ukufinyelela Isimiso Esiphakeme Somgudu Wephansi Futhi Ukukhulula Ukuxoshiswa

Iindlela ezintathu zikhulula ukuxoshiswa ekususeleni:

1. Mgcineleke kwezimali eziphakeme <4— ukuphakama kwegolide
2. Sebenzisa izinhlayiya zezimali eziguqukayo ukuhlukanisa ubuchwepheshe
3. Faka amadhambara amahle kumagunya amade

Isahluko se-International Journal of Machine Tools 2024 sabona ukuthi izihlangothi zezimali ezinezithasiso ezincane zibandla ivibhireshini nge-42% kunazo ezilandelwayo.

Ubukhulu bezimali ezintsha, ukulungiselela izimali, nokusetshenziswa kwamathambo ekugcineni

Izikhathi ezihlukene zokuhlola izixhobo (ngalinye i-50-200) ngokunxibelelanayo neziqu ezenziwa yisilingo kusungula ukuthabatha okuqukethwe nge-28% emsebenzini wokugcina komgca wotitanjhamu.

Yiziphi iziphawu ezikhulu zomgcini wezinto ezinzima?

Iziphawu ezikhulu zomgcini wezinto ezinzima nguquba lophambi, isandla, ikhalesi, nosapho. Le mephakathi ihlangana ukuze ibeke amathiphu ngexabiso eliqinileyo.

Ukuthini kuyinxenye yokuphelelwa kumgcini?

Ukuphelelwa komgcini kuyinxenye eqinileyo ngoba kunciphisa ukuxhasha nokugcina kwesixhobo, okubangela ukuthuthuka okunembile nokugcina okulungileyo kumzimba ohlenyelwayo.

Kufuneka kuthathwe yini izindlela zokuphepha xa usebenzisa i-lathe?

Abasebenzisi kumele banezeqondo lokuphepha, ukususa amashela noma izinto ezihlambileyo zocingo, futhi uqiniseke ukuthi wonke amakhodi avikile. Ukugcina indawo yokusebenza ihlanzekile kukhona okubalulekile ukukhokha izimemezelo.

Ngani muni ngifakhe ubuncane bomkhondo kwemisebenzi ye-lathe?

Ubuncane bomkhondo ungafakhiwa ngokubuyekeza ukungqamene kwekhasi, ukuseta izixhobo zokugaya kwi-inthanzi ezilungileyo, nokusebenzisa izibhalo eziphazanywayo ukuze kwenzeke uhlelo olucacile.

Iziphi izinto ezibangela ukukhethwa kwezivinji se-spindle?

Isivinji se-spindle sikhuluma ngomthelela owagayiwa kwaye ngobude bomfanekiso wekhasi. Isivinji esilungilelo sinezizathu zokuba isixhobo singaphazimiseki futhi sibeke ngcono umsebenzi wokugaya.